Several drugs, including vitamin K antagonists (e.g., warfarin), are known to interfere with vitamin K absorption and metabolism.
Phylloquinone is found at high concentrations in green leafy vegetables and certain plant oils, while most menaquinones are usually found in cheese, animal products, and certain fermented foods. While the results of a few observational studies suggest that low vitamin K status might have a role in development of osteoarthritis, randomized controlled trials are needed. There is only limited evidence of a benefit of supplemental vitamin K in the prevention of vessel calcification and cardiovascular events. Vitamin K inadequacy may inactivate several VKDPs that inhibit the formation of calcium precipitates in vessels. (More information)Ībnormal mineralization of blood vessels increases with age and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Overall, intervention trials have been inconclusive regarding the role of supplemental vitamin K (vitamin K 1 or vitamin K 2) in further reducing bone loss in otherwise calcium- and vitamin D- replete adults. Some, but not all, observational studies have found lower vitamin K status to be associated with lower bone mineral density and higher fracture incidence. Vitamin K deficiency may impair the activity of VKDPs and increase the risk of osteoporosis and fractures. The adequate intake ( AI) level for vitamin K is set at 90 μg/day for women and 120 μg/day for men. An injection of vitamin K is recommended to protect all newborns from life-threatening bleeding within the skull.
Vitamin K deficiency increases the risk of excessive bleeding ( hemorrhage). Vitamin K is the essential cofactor for the carboxylation of glutamic acid residues in many vitamin K-dependent proteins (VKDPs) that are involved in blood coagulation, bone metabolism, prevention of vessel mineralization, and regulation of various cellular functions. With limited vitamin K storage capacity, the body recycles vitamin K in the vitamin K oxidation- reduction cycle in order to reuse it multiple times. Naturally occurring forms of vitamin K include phylloquinone (vitamin K 1) and a family of molecules called menaquinones (MKs or vitamin K 2). Healthcare Professional Continuing Education.Chlorophyll and Metallo-Chlorophyll Derivatives.
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